The main object of
this project is to make
a testbed for
MIMO-OFDM antenna 4G technology, we
are using MIMO
instead of SISO
(conventional systems uses
one antenna at
both transmitting and receiving
ends) or MISO,
because of its robust
nature then that
of the others, as
it give very
good QOSs( Quality Of
Services) at very
high data rate,
this is based
on the Theory
of Characteristics Modes(TCM)
which identify the
different modes of
radiations of antenna, by
properly choosing the
modes of radiations. The
Theory of Characteristics Modes
help us to
obtain the radiations
pattern of arbitrarily-shaped metallic structure. The
radiations patterns, not
only present really
attractive orthogonal properties,
but also bring
physical insight into
the radiating phenomena
taking place on the antenna.
For the MIMO-OFDM
the first part was
to make a hardware part
in which we used 3
antennas at the receiving
end and transmitting
end both, we are
using aurduino as
a microprocessor , and
the second part
will be software.
1.1 HARDWARE PART:
In the
Hardware our first
step was to
select different components, following
is the list
of the components
we are using
in our project:
·
Aurduino 2560 Microprocessor
·
Zigbee 2530 Module
·
MAX 232
·
Digital Humidity and Temperature (DHT)
·
LCD 16*2
·
Crystal Oscillator 16MHZ
·
Regulator 7805
·
Capacitors
·
Resistors
·
Inductors
·
Diodes
·
LEDs
1.1.1 AURDUINO 2560 MICROPROCESSOR:
Arduino is an open-source
electronics platform based on
very simple hardware and software.
Arduino circuit boards are able to
read inputs light on
a sensor, a finger
on a button,
or a Facebook
message and turn
it into an output activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing
something online. You can
tell your board
what to do by sending
a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To
make possible all these
things you use
the Arduino programming language (based on connections), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based
on Processing.
In our project we are using 2560
model which is
very efficient and fast
in processing. It is being used when
we required more memory
more I/O pins and
more sketch memory and
more RAM. The Arduino Mega 2560
is programmed using the
Arduino Software (IDE), our Integrated
Development Environment common to all our boards and running
both online and offline. With 54
digital I/O pins, 16 analog inputs
and a larger space
for our sketch.
This gives our projects
larger room and opportunities
for maintaining the effectiveness of the Arduino platform. We will
see in our software phase that
how to connect your Mega2560 board to
the computer and upload your
first sketch.
1.1.2 ZIGBEE 2530 MODULE:
ZigBee is an IEEE 802.15.4
based, low power, low
data rate supporting
wireless networking standard, which is
basically used for
two-way communication
between sensors and control
system. It is a short-range
communication standard like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi,
covering range of 10 to 100 meters. The difference
being while Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
are high data rate communications
standard supporting transfer of complex
structure like media, software etc. ZigBee Technology supports transfer of simple data like that from
sensors. It supports low data
rate of about
250 kbps. The
operating frequencies are 868
MHz, 902 to 928 MHz
and 2.4 GHz. ZigBee Technology
is used mainly for
applications requiring low power, low
cost, low data
rate and long
battery life.
In this project we are using 2530 module of
zigbee which more reliable
as compared to other
module and provide
high data capacity.
Below is the features and specifications of 2530
module.
1.1.2.1 FEAUTERS:
·
As easy to
use as any UART modules
·
Supports sending large data
packet & fast
broadcasting via UART
·
Supports programming via UART (thanks
to the Bootloader,
and an serial module is
required)
·
Supports configuring via upper computer software
·
Auto networking (at least 1
Coordinator and 1 Router are required)
·
Real-time monitoring the signal intensity
between Coordinator, Router, and End
Device
1.1.2.2 SPECIFICATIONS:
·
Onboard chip: CC2530F256RHAR
·
Communication distance (open and wide operating
environment):
·
Absolute maximum: over 350
meters
·
Stable communication: over 250
meters
·
Frequency range: 2.4GHz
·
Wide supply-voltage range (2 V–3.6 V)
·
Operating temperature: -40? ~ 85?
·
Serial port bau
d rate: 38400bps (default), different baud rates
are available by software
configuration
·
Antenna: 2.4G 2DB 360° Omni-directional
1.1.3 MAX 232:
MAX 232 is a
kind of IC.
It was created
by maxim integrated
products. It converts
signals from the
serial ports into
the digital logic
circuits. It is a dual
mode IC means
it can receive
or deliver the
signals and perform
desired functions on
it.
1.1.4 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR:
A gem oscillator is an
electronic oscillator circuit that uses
the mechanical reverberation of a vibrating precious stone of piezoelectric
material to make
an electrical flag with an
extremely exact recurrence. This recurrence
is normally used to
monitor time (as in quartz wrist watches), to give
a steady clock
flag to computerized
coordinated circuits, and to balance out frequencies
for radio transmitters
and beneficiaries. The most well known
sort of piezoelectric
resonator utilized is the quartz precious
stone, so oscillator
circuits consolidating them ended
up noticeably known as gem oscillators yet other
piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline earthen
ware production are byutilized
as a part of comparable
circuits.
1.1.5 DIGITAL HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE DEVICE (DHT):
It will provide readings of our
data transmission by the means of
temperature reading. We use this device
for testing purpose only we
can also remove
it when no
longer needed.
1.1.6 REGULATOR 7805:
This regulator converts the 12vol t to 5 volt which
is suitable for aurduino
and LCD device attach to it. This regulator
is a part of our power supply.
7805 series ICs
have built-in protection against a circuit
drawing
too
much
power.
They
have protection
against
overheating
and short-circuits, making them
quite robust in
most applications. In some
cases, the current-limiting
features of the 7805 devices can provide
protection not only
for the 7805 itself, but also
for other parts
of the circuit.
1.1.7 DIODES:
A diode is
basically device which
give low resistance
in one direction
and high resistance
in other direction. A
very small amount
of current in
either way forward
or backward flow
run in the
diode, because diode
is reverse biased
or forward bias depend
on its type.
A diode is
a two terminal
device In this project
we use multiple
diodes connected in series
which has the
function of rectify.
In this project
we use it only for
safety purpose. It converts
AC
to DC.
1.1.8 CAPACITORS:
A
capacitor is basically
an electrical component
which have an
ability to store
electric charges. It filters the noise
of Ac signal.
A capacitor is basically passive
electrical component and it is
two terminal. It
store electrical charges
in the form
of potential energy.
Capacitors and batteries
both work in
different way but
they both store
electrical charges. It is much
like a small
rechargeable battery.
1.1.9 RESISTERS:
A resister
is an electrical
device that is
used to produce
resistance again the
electrical charges. Resisters
are passive electrical
components.
